Counter Trade

Counter Trade Counter Trade: Unquestionably, money is the favored installment mode for any fare or import transactionâ€it is simple, quick, and direct to execute. In some cases, however, compaâ ¬nies must adjust to the truth that purchasers in numerous nations can't do as such, regardless of whether because of the way that their nation of origin's money is nonconvertible, the nation needs more money, or it doesn't have adequate credit extensions. At times organizations and counâ ¬tries discover it essentially difficult to produce enough outside trade to pay for imports.In plan of action, they devise inventive approaches to purchase items. For instance, Indonesia exchanged 40,000 tons of palm oil, worth about US$15 million, with Russia in return for Russian Sukhoi contender airplane. This exchange, similar to others that fall under the umbrella term countertrade, represents that purchasers and venders regularly find imaginative methods of settling payâ ¬ment for imports and fare s. Countertrade alludes to any of a few unique courses of action that parties negotiâ ¬ate so they can exchange products and enterprises with restricted or no utilization of currency.Technically, countertrade can be separated into two fundamental sorts: trade, in view of clearing game plans used to maintain a strategic distance from cash based trade; and buybacks, counterbalances, and counter buy, which are utilized to force complementary duties. Countertrade is a wasteful method of working together. As a matter of course, organizations lean toward the direct productivity of money or credit. On account of countertrade, as opposed to simâ ¬ply counseling current outside trade rates, purchasers and merchants must enter complex and tedious arrangements to arrive at a reasonable incentive on the exchangeâ€how numerous gallons of palm oil for what number of planes, for example.In a few circumstances, the merchandise that are sent as installment might be low quality, bundled grossly, or hard to sell and administration. Likewise, there is a ton of space for cost and money related contortion in countertrade bargains, given that nonmarket powers set the costs of these products. At last, countertrade and its variâ ¬ations undermine free market powers with protectionism and value fixing that can muddle exchange relations with different nations. In any case, the cruel truth of global exchange implies that countertrade is frequently unavoidâ ¬able for organizations that need to work together in business sectors that have restricted or no entrance to money or credit.Complicating matters is the way that as much as organizations may detest them, many developing markets incline toward types of countertrade to protect their constrained fiscal resources, create remote trade, and improve the parity of exchange. In addi-tion, these strategies help developing markets diminish their need to acquire working capital just as let them get to the innovation and advertising mastery of MNEs. All the more signifâ ¬icantly, benefits past financing the prompt exchange do accumulate to companies.Accepting the alternative to countertrade shows supervisors' acceptable confidence and adaptability despite grave conditions. These sensitivities can situate the firm to increase particular access to developing markets. Logically, the possibility of countertrade fits with numerous nations' fundamental ideas of business. For instance, the possibility of â€Å"barter and trade† is a piece of some African conventions that are hesitant to fit in with â€Å"Euro-centric† strategies for money installment. It is hard to measure the size of the countertrade showcase. Gauges in the past have extended from 10 to 40 percent of absolute worldwide exports.This figure has demonstrated extreme to check because of conflicting detailing and revelation. Countertrade for the most part increments in economies that are encountering across the board financial issues. In Argentina , countertrade among regular residents has expanded because of an extreme deficiency of money. There are a few sorts of countertrade. The three most regular ares-(1) Barter, the most established type of countertrade, is an exchange wherein products or administrations are exchanged for merchandise or administrations of equivalent incentive with no trade of money or credit.Each term of the trade is haggled as far as the prompt exchange of merchandise or administrations. For example, Thailand and Indonesia marked a $40 million arrangement in which Indonesia would flexibly Thailand with a rural airplane, train carriages, and manure in return for Thai riceâ€no monies were or would be traded. There are trade firms that go about as a mediator between the exporter and merchant, frequently taking title to the merchandise got by the exporter at a cost or selling the products for an expense and a level of the business esteem. (2) BuybacksBuybacks are items the exporter gets as installment t hat are identified with or start from the first fare. Buyback game plans are very basic in the offer of innovation, licenses, and even total â€Å"turnkey† processing plants. Installment is made in full or to a limited extent either by items made in the new office or by creation from the new permit or techâ ¬nology. Buyback countertrade is particularly mainstream for turnkey foundation ventures. For instance, the client pays for the undertaking, state a steel factory, with government-sponsored long haul credit.The sending out temporary worker first ensures that the task will work when comâ ¬pleted and afterward consent to repurchase items or administrations from the finished office or to fill in as a merchant for items sent out from the host nation. The host-nation purchaser utilizes these hard money installments to sell the first long haul credit. All through the relationship, no money changes hands and no credit game plans are fundamental. The repurchase contract simply e xpresses that the yield from the recently developed office is to be applied to the first cost of the exports.This kind of plan was turned out to be among PepsiCo and Russia. Pepsi gave syrup to state-possessed packaging plants in Russia and got Stolichnaya vodka consequently, which it at that point showcased in the West. (3) Offset Trade An undeniably significant type of countertrade is counterbalanced exchange, an exchange that happens when an exporter sells items for money and afterward enables the merchant to discover opportuniâ ¬ties to gain hard cash. Balances are regularly utilized for first-class things, for example, military sales.The Czech government made balance the integral factor, rather than specialized and execution standards and cost, in its fly warrior acquisition. Counterbalance plans are normally one of two kinds. 1. Direct counterbalances incorporate any business that relates legitimately to the fare. For the most part, the exporter looks for contractual workers in the shipper's nation to joint-adventure or coproduce certain parts if pertinent. For instance, an airplane exporter could join forces with an organization in the shipper's nation to make parts that would be utilized in the production of the airplane. . Circuitous balances incorporate all business random to the fare. For the most part, the exporter is asked by the merchant's legislature to purchase a nation's products or put resources into an unreâ ¬lated business. The absolute most regular direct counterbalance rehearses in military deals incorporate coproduction, authorized creation, subcontractor creation, abroad venture, and innovation move. Instances of roundabout counterbalances may incorporate aiding the fare of inconsequential items from the host nation or producing visitor incomes for the host nation.

Banking and Finance Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Banking and Finance Law - Essay Example In view of the high overall revenues and the resultant firm rivalry, the monetary administrations part has been damaged with a great deal of disarrays and complex administrative and operational issues. In the United Kingdom, as in numerous other created and creating nations, the monetary administrations part is a serious modern one, making numerous a people to create protective perspectives towards it. Luckily, the UK government has built up a few purchaser situated approaches, methodologies, laws and organizations to help in directing the budgetary administrations segment. These administrative organizations and laws not just give free and autonomous objection administrations to general society and money related firms yet in addition genially settle complaints among budgetary foundations and their customers (Francis, 2001). It has not been sufficient to only sanction budgetary laws; offices, for example, the dead FSA and the Office of Fair Trading (OFT) were set up to guarantee that shopper assurance laws are clung to by the money related establishments, all the more so with respect to the insurance of buyer reserve funds and ventures by approved associations (Xydias, 2007). This paper investigates the structure and the strategies for money related administrations guideline at present utilized in the United Kingdom and the degree to which these techniques and the structure have been effective in accomplishing their goals. Monetary Services Regulation in the UK For budgetary responsibility, dependability and the validity of money related administrations, nations have built up different associations and actualized various techniques by which the players in the monetary and banking areas are managed (Andenas and Chiu, 2011). In the United Kingdom, the monetary and banking segments are managed by different strategies for a few reasons. That is, there are sure destinations for which the UK government has built up monetary guideline structures, associations and strat egies. Budgetary guidelines allude to the rules and administrative exercises to which money related and banking organizations and individual experts are oppressed in the execution of their activities (Federal Trade Commission, 2007). These guidelines give rules, limitations, points/destinations and honesty or responsibility prerequisites and desires for monetary organizations and experts also (Davies and Green, 2008). In numerous a nation, both administrative and non-legislative offices are engaged with the guideline and control of budgetary and banking areas. In any case, the destinations of these guidelines and the concerned associations are very comparable. In the UK for example, money related guidelines look to uphold all the laws pertinent to monetary activities in a nation. Second, money related guidelines help in the keeping up of the public’s and investors’ trust in UK’s monetary framework other than lessening the budgetary institutions’ infringem ent of money related laws. Different exercises checked by budgetary guideline instruments are advertise control exercises, for example, insider exchanging and tax evasion (Gonzalo, 2010). Critically, monetary guideline ensures customers through procedures, for example, the examination of client/open protests. Notwithstanding the above goals, money related guideline helps in guaranteeing that solitary legitimate and skillful financial specialists are

Book Riots Deals of the Day for August 25th, 2019

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Mass Market 1000 Genome Business Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 15 Words: 4456 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Science Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Last time this market had a major wave of innovation was over a decade ago which started with big technological advances due to new funding for new ventures, but resulted in the rise of a sole technologies provider who dominated the market and stunted technological advancement. Now, the emergence of a new wave, the Next Generation Systems wave, has seen major investment and hyper technological growth, and this technological growth has left everything wide open. Now with the price of sequencing a genome falling rapidly and with mass commercialisation in the near future brings the question, will history end up repeating itself; will this current wave of start-ups be picked off and will a sole key player emerge who will dominate the market? And furthermore, what sort of affect will this have on commercialisation off sequencing technologies? These questions are complex in a way that it infers the ability to effectively envisage how companies will react to rapidly chan ging market settings when they only have a very short, but fast evolving history to count on. Being able to predict how industries will react to rapidly evolving technology is hard enough, but it becomes even more difficult if they are relatively new industries as well. This dissertation has been inspired by a desire to conduct a novel assessment on this market. What is Genome Sequencing? The Genome Sequencing Industry: Boom or Bust? An expositary look at the current state and future potential of the genome sequencing industry and an analysis of potential barriers. What is the genome and what is the technology behind the industry? What is the current state of the industry?(industry lifecycle) Where is the industry going?(industry lifecycle stages) What are the potential barriers to industry sucess? How important are theese potential barriers? The Vision A Brief History of Genome Sequencing The Human Genome Project The Technology The Differen tiators The Rate of Advancement The XPrize Background Market Data Key Players Key Markets Key Issues Theory What is Genome Sequencing? The genome is the complete set of genes or genetic material present in a cell or organism (Cambridge, 2008). This genetic material is contained within Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and holds all of the biological information this is needed to build and maintain a living example of that organism (National Center for Biotechnology Information, 2004). The genome is built up of over 3.4 Billion base pairs with each base pair consisting of a nucleobase of either Adenine(A), Guanine(G), Cytosine(C) and Thymine(T) (J.D Watson, 1953) (Nobelprize.org, 2011) By working out the sequence in which these nucleobases are arranged it is possible to gather information relating to the organism. This information currently has its main uses in Molecular Medicine where it can be used for; Improved diagnosis of disease Earlier detection o f genetic predispositions to disease Rational drug design Gene therapy and control systems for drugs Pharmacogenomics custom drugs It also has other uses in the fields of DNA Forensics, agriculture, energy, risk assessment and evolution. (Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 2009) (National Human Genome Research Institute, 2011). The Vision The current ultimate goal of genome sequencing is Personalised Medicine. This is where a consumer would be able to directly walk into his physicians and review information relating to his genetics. This information could then be used by his physician to advise him on particular preventable medicines for conditions that they are not even showing symptoms for yet, but has shown susceptibility towards in there genome results. This could potentially revolutionise healthcare by providing a new level of diagnosis (XPrize, 2011). To achieve this goal; firstly the cost of sequencing must be reduced enough for it to be attainable by the mas s market, once this has happened direct to consumer sequencing will take off. From this point it is dependent on the advancement of bioinformatics to process the genome and deliver an accurate diagnosis (Trust Sanger Institute, 2011). A Brief History of Genome Sequencing The first ever method to fully sequence an organisms genome was discovered by Frederick Sanger in 1977 which earned him a Nobel Prize. Sanger managed to sequence a bacteriophage that had 5386 bases (single stranded) using biochemical methods which are still widely used today (Sanger, 1977) (454 Life Sciences, 2009). After this discovery there were various new breakthroughs with new methods and improvements made from scientists all across the globe, most notably; Maxam and Gilberts 1977 paper called A new method for sequencing DNA Mulliss 1983 discovery of Polymerase Chain Reactions. Hoods 1986 announcement of the first semi-automated DNA sequencing Machine. Applied Biosystems in 1987 markets the fi rst automated sequencing machine. It would take a further 20 years from Sangers original discovery until sequencing technology had advanced enough in quality and speed before the scientific community where able to confront their biggest challenge. (AM Maxam, 1977) (454 Life Sciences, 2009) (Bartlett, 2003) The Human Genome Project The human genome project began in 1989 as an ambitious multinational $3 Billion dollar research program funded by the US Department of Energy and the US National Institute for Health to completely sequence the first whole human genome. The project successfully released a first draft in 2000 and completed the final draft in 2003 (Internation Human Genome Sequencing Consortium, 2004). Before the completion of the first draft of the human genome in 2000 an announcement made jointly by then President Bill Clinton and then Prime Minister Tony Blair stating that the genome sequence would not be allowed to be patented and would be made freely availabl e to all researchers (National Human Genome Research Institute, 2000). This announcement is estimated to have cut over $50 billion in market capitalization from the biotechnology industry in less than 2 days (Marshall, 2000) (Berenson, 2000) (Bastin, 2002). It is notable that the first 10 percent of the genome took over half of the project to complete and that the last 90% was done after, this is due to the rapid improvement of technology driven by competition. (Internation Human Genome Sequencing Consortium, 2004). The Technology Since the completion of the human genome project and the respective research that has been made available to researchers globally, there has been an expanding market for machines that can sequence a genome within the confines of a laboratory (Metzker, 2010). The systems themselves can be generalised to First Generation Sequencing (FGS), Second Generation Sequencing (SGS) and Third/Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) (Morozovaa, 2008) (Mardis, 2008) (Met zker, 2010). First Generation Systems, also called Sanger Sequencing machines were first made available in the 1987 originally with the launch of Applied Biosystems ABI 370 sequencer, this machine was able to sequence a up to a thousand base pairs per day (National Human Genome Research Institute, 2011). The advent of second generation sequencing machines in 2000 saw a price/performance growth of approximately 6 magnitudes (Mardis, 2008). The first NGS was made available by Illumina systems in 2008 and is called the HiSeq 2000 and is capable of sequencing two genomes for less than $10,000. This is a further magnitude increase of approximately 5 (Illumina, 2008). (do actual bases growth instead) Jonathan Rothberg (how ref?) who runs two of the industrys key players and has been instrumental in the development of sequencing technologies has drawn parallels to the current development of genome sequencing and the semiconductor industry of the 1970s, He suggests that genome sequenc ing systems of today can be compared to the systems of the 1970s with FGS as mainframes, SGS as mini computers and NGS as Personal Computers (PCs) (Rothberg, 2009). He even goes on to state that sequencing is evolving in parallel with computing more than I ever imagined. What Differentiates? Quality The quality of a DNA sequence is in respect to the amount of errant bases that are reported in the sequence. Quality is usually measured in the form of a percentage of accurate reads and generally the lower the quality, the more times the genome must be sequenced (run) to gather an accurate read. The more amounts of runs that have to be done the more costly the process becomes. (National Human Genome Research Institute, 2011) (Jeremy Schmutz, 2004) Complexity of Sample Preparation Prior to Sequencing, a sample must be prepared in a manner that is dependent on the method of sequencing used. This preparation is usually to generate multiple copies of the sample and has variou s error rates associated with different methods. The more complex the sample preparation is, the less cost effective it becomes. (Mardis, 2008) Readlength The readlength of a Genome sequencing platform is a representative of how many bases can be read in once. The higher the readlength the more accurate the results, this is because with shorter readlengths it is allot harder to pinpoint where the read has taken place along a genome sequence, therefore requiring more runs to produce an accurate result. For example, if there is 3 billion bases to be read and there is a readlength of only 10 then due to the amount of duplicates in a genome, it would be increasingly hard to pinpoint the location of the read because of the sheer amount of duplicates. With larger readlengths this becomes less of a problem because there are less duplicates. (Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 2009) Throughput The throughput is respective to how many parallel reads can be done at once. For example, a throughput of 10 would be able to produce 10 reads instead of the usual 1 in the same time. High-throughput sequencing is a main factor in the development of next generation sequencing technologies and is seen as the best way to bring down costs (Hall, 2007) (Church, 2006). The Rate of Advancement (trends) Numerous researchers have made parallels between the price/performance improvements in genome sequencing platforms and Moores law (Rothberg, 2009) (Mardis, 2008) (Shendure, 2004) (Pettersson, 2009). Moores law was developed by Gordon Moore and states that the number of transistors in a chip will double about every two years (Intel, 2011). While Moores law is applicable to nearly all integrated electronic devices (Moore, 2006) recent figures released by the National Human Genome Research Institute(need ref) show a price performance increase much greater than Moores law (National Human Genome Research Institute, 2011). This price performance improvement has seen compan ies like Applied Bioscience achieve a 6 fold increase in price performance in the last 12 months; this increase has also been shown by Complete Genomics who sequenced 1000 genomes in 2009 and over 10 times that in 2010. (Applied Bioscience, 2010) (Complete Genomics, 2010) The Archon XPrize The Archon X Prize for Genomics was started in 2006 and offers a $10 million dollar reward for the first team to successfully build a device and use it to sequence 100 human genomes within 10 days or less, with an accuracy of no more than one error in every 100,000 bases sequenced, with sequences accurately covering at least 98% of the genome, and at a recurring cost of no more than $10,000 per genome (XPrize, 2011). While the monetary benefit for winning the XPrize is negligible compared to the cost of developing an improved system (Rothberg, 2009) , The XPrize requirements are seen by key researchers as the best direction for advancement in sequencing technology, the benchmark for mass commercialization and the most likely successor to NGS (Venter, 2010). There are currently 9 teams entered into the XPrize (XPrize, 2011), and while the prize has not been claimed yet, it is believed by some researchers that the breakthrough will be within the next 2 years (Kedes, 2010) (Venter, 2010). Background Market Data The worldwide market for sequencing products will grow from an estimated $1.3 billion in 2010 to more than $3.3 billion by 2015, a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 20.5% over the next 5 years. Life-science research and drug discovery and development applications represent the two largest markets for DNA sequencing revenues, accounting for an estimated $920.1 million in 2010.ÂÂ   These markets are forecast to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 13% to reach nearly $1.7 billion in 2015.ÂÂ  https://www.bccresearch.com/public/images_trend/BIO045C.gif Emerging applications, including personal genomics and clinical diagnostics , are forecast to account for $541.4 million by the year 2015, an increase from $15.5 million in 2010 representing a 103.5% compound annual growth rate (CAGR). (BCC Research, 2010) Sales(2005) Sales(2006) Sales(2007) Sales(2008) Sales(2009) Sales(2010) Illumina 73,501 184,586 366,799 573,225 666,324 902,741 Life Technologies 1,620,323 3,280,344 3,588,094 Complete Genomics n/a 623 9,389 Helios 36 2325 1301 Key Players Profit(2005 Profit(2006 Profit(2007 Profit(2008 Profit(2009 Profit(2010) Illumina (20,874) 39,968 (278,359) 39,419 72,281 124,891 Life Technologies 940,752 1,824,725 2,106,141 Complete Genomics (28,394) (33,585) (57,387) Helios (43,764) (28,950) (18,768) Illumina Illumina was founded in 1998 and started out by offering genotyping services until 2002 when it released the Illumina BeadLab, the companys first geno me sequencing system (Illumina, 2006). It took illumina over 8 years to make it first profit but that hasnt stopped it from becoming one of the industrys biggest players after the acquisition of Solexa in 2006 (NYTimes, 2006). Illuminas currently the supplier of some of the worlds biggest institutes (Beijing Genomics Institute, 2011) (National Human Genome Research Institute, 2011) (Investors Business Daily, 2011) and holds the record for the most cost effective full genome sequence, it is also the market leader in next generation sequencing systems that are paving the way for future commercialisation (Forbes, 2010). Illumina believes the future of the market is in smaller devices that can operate in a physicians office and has recently tied an exclusive licencing agreement with Oxford Nanopore Technologies, an industry start-up with allot of potential (Illumina, 2009). Illumina has also been called the the apple of the biotech industry by an analyst because of its constant up grade of its product line before its old product line is out-dated (Investors Business Daily, 2011). Life Technologies Life technologies was once the biggest and almost the sole provider of genome sequencing systems until the release of next generation systems that has seen its market share slide to a mere 17% (Herper, 2010). Its inability to compete with the newer providers from a technological standpoint has seen most of its institutional buyers switch to newer machines (Metzker, 2010). This hasnt stopped Life Technologies though; they have recently acquired Ion Torrent, one of the industrys most promising start-ups for $375 million, with an increase to $725 million on the achievement of certain technical and time-based milestones through 2012 (Life Technologies, 2010). This acquisition will see Life Technologies take a different approach from its usual mainframe style systems to small inexpensive systems for smaller organisations (Genomeweb, 2010) (Life Technologies, 2010). This market while showing huge potential for the future (BCC Research, 2010), is a very small share compared to the institutions that it used to serve and is seen as a very risky venture that could potentially put it on a collision course with its biggest rival illumina (Genomeweb, 2010). Complete Genomics Complete Genomics was founded in 2006 and like many biotech start-ups is yet to make a profit. Complete genomics has taken a different approach to DNA Sequencing and has used its platform to provide an outsourcing service where organisations mail in there samples to its huge mega complex in Mountain View, California (Complete Genomics, 2011). Complete Genomics has gone from producing only 1 genome a year in 2006 to being able to produce over 1000 a month by the end of 2011 (bio-itworld, 2011). It sees the future of the industry with organisations outsourcing there sequencing needs to companys like Complete Genomics and has managed to pick up customers such as Genen tech, Pfizer and Lilly along the way (Complete Genomics, 2011). It is also claimed in an interview with a leading Biotech magazine that will drop its prices for a full genome to sub $10,000 in 2011 (bio-itworld, 2011). Helicos Biosciences Helicos Biosciences came into the market with the first single-molecule, next generation sequencing platform (Helicos Biosciences, 2011). Unfortunately, it has been unable to capitalize on its first movers advantage as it is rapidly burning through its cash reserves as it struggles to boost sales. Helicos issues range from its technology producing too high of an error rate to its market selection, where it has attempted to target the high end of the research market, a segment where its technology does not offer good value for money at a 100% premium to its competitors (Gerson Lehrman Group, 2010). Helicos has had to do some serious restructuring to stay alive (Helicos Biosciences, 2011) and is now deviating its strategy away from the hi gh-end market and refocusing on smaller markets such as the clinical diagnostics market (Genomeweb, 2010). Even with the change it strategy, the arrival of more competitors to the market will only make it harder for Helicos to achieve any form of competitive advantage. Helicos has announced that it needs to raise a substantial amount of capital in 2011 to continue to operate and could well be one of the first major start-up failures of genome sequencing (Gerson Lehrman Group, 2010). Key Markets Life Sciences Research The Life Sciences research market consists of laboratories usually associated with universities, medical research centres, government institutions and pharmaceutical companies that are involved in the scientific study of living organisms (Illumina, 2011). These laboratories are currently the largest set of buyers for next generation sequencing technologies and also make up the largest of the markets available (BCC Research, 2010). Clinical Diagnostics Mar kets The Clinical Diagnostics markets represent institutions that are involved in the research of the genome for benefit of medical diagnosis. This market is heavily legislated and represents enormous social and ethical challenges for the future (Illumina, 2011). The key segment in this market is molecular diagnostics which aims to pave the way for future personal medicines (Trust Sanger Institute, 2011). Consumer Genomics A relatively new market, Consumer Genomics is the market for smaller more efficient products for use in physicians or hospitals or even direct to consumer sequencing. Consumer Genomics is a nascent market, but one that is believed to have extremely high growth potential as the cost per genome continues to fall (Illumina, 2011). The consumer genomics market is also another market that is slowly becoming very heavily regulated due once again to serious ethical and social concerns from governments (Genomeweb, 2010). Current potential? From article? Abo ut 60 billion Applied Markets Applied markets consist of markets that are not directly related to genomics, these markets see applications in industries such as DNA Forensics, energy, risk assessment and evolution (National Human Genome Research Institute, 2011). While this is the smallest market it is notable that its biggest segment is agbio markets which relates to the enhancement of agricultural research (Illumina, 2011). The Issues Ethical and Social Genetic Discrimination is where an individual is treated differently due to the outcome of their genetic results. For example, an individual may be refused life insurance if the outcomes of his test results showed he was likely to die soon, or, if an employer would refuse to employ someone because there was an indicator in their genetic results that they might have to take allot of sick leave (National Institute of Health, 2011). While there have been numerous pieces of legislation put in place to prevent this from h appening (National Human Genome Research Institute, 2011), there are clearly legislative gaps that will be blown open as more people have their genomes sequenced and more organisations look for novel ways to use this genomic information (National Institute of Health, 2011). There is no doubt that legislators will try and fill these gaps, but to what extent is unknown. Another key issue is that of the psychological impact and stigmatization resulting from people with genetic differences (Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 2011). These issues arise from how a persons genetic results would affect the individual and also how societys perceptions of that individual might change. For example, if an individual found out that they were very likely to obtain a life threatening disease when they were older this might significantly change them as a person; this may also change the attitudes of people towards this person. While some abuses of this would fall under the genetic discrimination legi slation, it will be nearly impossible for society to prevent the psychological impact the results could have on individuals and people around them. This could lead to a large number of people refusing to have their genome sequenced by taking the attitude of ignorance is bliss. Another major issue is that of data privacy (Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 2011). With genetic information potentially being the ultimate form of identification a key problem arises with how organisations will handle this information and how individuals want their information shared. A number of research institutes are pleading with individuals to make their genomic information anonymous, but public, for the betterment of analysis and for the study of population genomics. The main issue arises because even if a genome sequence is made anonymous, advents in forensic technologies can identify a genomic sequence with their respective individual (Homer N, 2008). , which in turn has now left some researchers to proclaim the limitations, if not the death of privacy in genomics. (Lunshof JE, 2008). This loophole is a serious issue for future researchers and the public. If the public know that there anonymity is not completely anonymous this could severely reduce the amount of data available to researchers and subsequently slow down research, it could also provide serious legal issues for companies who have made available a persons data on the agreement of anonymity to find that they have been identified. (Knoppers, 2010). Finally the accuracy of data and how it is presented to consumers is another major issue. All genomic results relating to disease susceptibility are probabilistic in nature (National Human Genome Research Institute, 2011), this coupled with a high number of false-positives caused by some sequencing technologies has caused legislators to heavily regulate how the first wave of direct to consumer genomic sequencing companies are attracting consumers and representing there genomics information (Shannon, 2009) (U.S Food and Drug Administration, 2010). Such regulation includes the requirement for only a physician to interpret the information to the consumer and for all services to require pre-market approval. This regulation has proved unsavoury for some companies such as Pathway Genomics, Navigenics and Counsyl who due to the new regulations have chosen to pull out of the market entirely (NewScientist, 2010) (Genomes Unzipped, 2010). This regulation is brought on by the increasing number of scam websites who claim the ability to do things that are currently not possible with current genome sequencing and informatics technologies. Unfortunately, a recent congressional hearing on direct to consumer genomics left congress to state that they were unable to distinguish from the scammers and the legitimate companies (Committee on Energy and Commerce, 2010), this mistrust will only fuel more legislation in an industry that is already under heavy scrutiny.myge neprofile.jpg Technology Push vs Market Pull There have been numerous pieces of research into what is more influential to the evolution of an industry; either the technology push or the market pull. The concept of technology push is that innovation begins when an employee (usually a scientist or an engineer) sees an opportunity for a technical possibility and tries to capitalize on it, in the hope that it will be desirable to consumers (Morris, 2008), while the market pull approach says that innovation should be motivated by the unmet needs of consumers (Martin, 2003). It is notable that the sheer amount of support for both sides is a good indicator that neither of these are exclusively the best methods to drive innovation in an industry, and that the best method is a combination of both. To what extent of the combination is reliant on a number of internal and external factors such as the intensity of competition, the stage the industry is at in its lifecycle and how much dema nd there is for the innovation. By finding out what is the primary force driving innovation in an industry it becomes easier to measure how influential certain issues will be to the development of the industry. Industry Lifecycle An industry lifecycle is a useful tool for analysing the effects of industry evolution on competitive forces and for assessing the different stages of growth industries go through (Hill, 2009). The industry lifecycle concept splits an industry into four different stages; Emergence, Growth, Maturity and Decline (Kotler, 2009). The concept is that every industry will follow these for stages from start to end over any period of time. An adaption by Hine and Kapeleris to the industry lifecycle model will also be useful; this adaption is an expansion of the emergence phase specific to the biotechnology industry (Damian Hine, 2006). This modification of the industry life cycle model shows that in the biotechnology industry each product/business lifecycle im pinges on the other and cant be considered constant and that change is dynamic and constant, as the external influences are potent. Hine and Kapeleris(2006) states that the key industry influences to this change are political/legal, social/cultural, technological, economical, intellectual property and competition while the key firm influences are collaboration, intellectual property, funding and there exit strategy. By working out the extent of these influences combined with the ability of organisations to combat this change will be a key indicator to assess whether the industry will be able to prosper in the future. STEEPLE STEEPLE, which is an acronym for Social, Technological, Environmental, Economical, Political, Legal and Ethical, is a framework of environmental factors to help in strategic planning to scan for specific environmental issues. Aguilar(1967*) was the first to discuss environmental scanning and defined it as the process that seeks information about events and relationships in a companys outside environment, the knowledge of which would assist top management in its task for charting the companys future course of action. The external environment can be split into the macro environment and the micro environment. The micro environment deals with suppliers, buyers and any other interest group that the firm operates with, while the macro environment focuses on the demographic, economic, physical, technological, political-legal, and social-cultural forces (Kotler, 2006). The STEEPLE framework will be addressing the macro environmental factors; this will help to provide an understanding of the wider issues impacting the industry by assigning each issue the specific sections of the framework to make them easier for analysis. Porters Five Forces Michael2011-04-21T06:36:00 For pic https://www.justice.gov/atr/public/hearings/single_firm/docs/219395.htm Porters Five Forces is a framework to conduct a micro environmental industry analysis . Porters five forces analysis can be used to identify the forces that affect the intensity of competition in an industry (Johnson and Scholes, 1999*). Porter (2004*) states the following five forces; the competitive rivalry, the threat of substitutes, the power of suppliers, the power of buyers and the threats of entry, is the basis for competition and also the main factors businesses need to take into account to gain a competitive advantage. It is also possible to combine all these factors by to make an adequate overall judgement on industries attractiveness. This tool will be useful as once each of the forces has been investigated, they can be cross examined against any macro environmental influences to assess the impact they will have upon the micro environment and the general attractiveness of the industry. Intellectual Property In every technology based industry intellectual property plays a key role in a companys success. It is necessary for an organisation to protect i s innovations with a solid foundation of intellectual property otherwise it could lose any competitive advantage created by innovation. It is also just as important that companies are aware of any existing intellectual property within its technology space as not to infringe upon any other companies rights and therefore not to waste time and money in research and development and hefty court cases. Synthesis(1000) questionaires(1000) Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Mass Market 1000 Genome Business Essay" essay for you Create order

The Potential Hazards Of The South China Sea - 1629 Words

As the tension and activities of competing countries increase in the South China Sea this in turn has increased potential implications for its environment. One major implication is the potential hazards that are threatening coral reefs and other components of the local marine ecology within that region. The once untouched ecosystem is at danger because of aggressive engagements of ocean floors in search of natural resources. Since 2013, China has orchestrated reclamation constructions on reefs in the disputed Spratly Islands with goals of transforming them into artificial islands where they have built airbases and ports . As a result, this has destroyed the environment that was originally there. In addition to China, Vietnam, Taiwan,†¦show more content†¦As result of the battle, China gained control over the Parcel Islands . After a period of peace, disputes once again transpired in 1988 and 1995. In 2002, China and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) reached an agreement to keep peace within all parties tied in with the South China Sea as they were to refrain from taking any action on the uninhabited island chains located in the Sea. This Declaration of Conduct kept the region peaceful up until 2009 when China publicly claimed territory on the entire South China Sea . As the tension intensified so did China’s aggressive behavior, as they made it clear in 2012 and 2013 that legal proceedings against them were not going to make a difference on their goal to dominate the region. In 2013, China began the operations to transform these uninhabited islands into military infrastructures . In the last two years counting up to today, China’s rapid island building has continued despite publicly claiming that they have halted all construction. This is where the United States enters the situation as they have called on China to shut down all reclamation efforts on the Spratly Islands where China has transformed six coral reefs (Subi Reef, Gaven Reef, Huges Reef, Johnson Reef, Mischief Reef, Cuarteron Reef) into naval bases, airstrips, and weapon and surveillance facilities . What the

Pestle of Mexico - 4382 Words

PESTEL analysis Mexico: POLITICAL : While Mexico has been a formal democracy since Independence, in reality the nation has been plagued by essentially a series of caudillos, representatives of local and regional power arrangements that have been successful at reaching national levels. Politics are still corrupt and scandal-ridden, with parties often focused more on individuals than on programmes for action. And while progress has been made, the Mexican state is still far from comfortable with the concepts of accountability and transparency. Previously the relationship with US was complicated but now the situation has significantly changed, especially after the end of cold war. U.S. successes, especially on the economic front, but also†¦show more content†¦Items that are not included in the agreement include energy and basic petrochemicals, telecommunications, financial services, and competition policy. The IPR chapter does not cover patents, industrial designs, and layout designs of integrated circuits. Mexico-Nicaragua: The FTA with Nicaragua was Mexico’s second treaty with a country in Central America, also loosely based on the NAFTA model. It was signed on December 18, 1997, and entered into force on July 1, 1998. Upon implementation, 76% of tariffs on Nicaraguan exports to Mexico and 45% of tariffs on Mexican exports to Nicaragua were eliminated. The remaining tariffs are being phased out in four stages over a fifteen-year period. The agreement is similar to NAFTA and includes provisions on national treatment and market access for goods and services; rules of origin; agriculture; sanitary and phytosanitary measures; telecommunications; financial services; government procurement; investment; IPT; dispute resolution; customs procedures; safeguards; unfair trade practices; standards; and other provisions. 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Dar Stamp Act Essay Example For Students

Dar Stamp Act Essay The Stamp ActThe Stamp Act was an important act introduced by the Britishprime minister George Grenville and it was passed in March 1765 by theBritish Parliament. Its purpose was to raise money for the British armystationed in the American colonies. The Stamp Act required tax stampsfor public documents such as, newspapers, legal documents, customsdocuments, licenses, playing cards, deeds, and almanacs. Since Britainwas left with a large national debt from the Seven Years War, theBritish government felt that since the colonies benefited that theyshould contribute to the expenses. The American colonies actedstrongly against this matter. During the Summer of 1765, there were many protests in thecolonies. These protests involved everyone from civic leaders to streetmobs. In many cities and towns the slogan became no taxation withoutrepresentation. The Sons of Liberty were a secret organization thatoften organized these protests. Many acts of violence and a lot ofpressure was centered towards the Stamp Agents. By fall almost allstamp agents resigned. The Virginia Assembly declared that the Stamp Act was unjustand illegal. The assembly passed resolutions against taxations by theBritish Parliament. The Massachusetts House of Representatives invitedall of the colonies to send delegates to a general congress. The coloniesthat accepted the invitation and sent delegates to the general congresswere New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, Maryland, Delaware, RhodeIsland, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, and Massachusetts. In October of 1765 in New York City a Stamp Act Congress washeld. It represented nine colonies. The Stamp Act Congress declaredthat stamp taxes could not be collected without the peoples consent andthat the colonists right to be taxed was only by their own electedrepresentatives. Merchants agreed not to import British goods until thelaw was repealed. That lead to the British Parliament being bombardedby petitions from English merchants not importing their goods. ManyEnglish political leaders argued that the law was unenforceable. Finally on March 4, 1766 the Stamp Act was repealed by theBritish Parliament. The unity of the American colonists in theiropposition towards the Stamp Act contributed to the Americannationalists. The conflict between the British government and theAmerican colonists over the Stamp Act is considered one of the causesof the American Revolutionary War.

How to Best Align Operational Structures with Strategy

Proposals of the authors on how to best align operational structures with strategy Kaplan and Norton (2006) first looked at six ways in which organizations may choose to align their structures with strategy. In one of the oldest models, the authors assert that companies may choose to align their structure with strategy through centralized functions. This mode was quite common during the industrial era because it provided a means of gaining from economies of scale.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on How to Best Align Operational Structures with Strategy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, the lack of adaptability in this method caused organizations to look for other routes such as decentralization by product and geographical region, matrix functions, networked organizations, Velcro organizations and even virtual organizations. Regardless of all these tactics, this quest to find the right organizational str ucture is often fruitless because the right way to bring out value in an organization is to focus on the balanced scorecard. The writers believe that one should look for a structure that creates the least amount of problems and then work out a system for aligning that structure with the organizational strategy. In doing this, there are four perspectives that the proposal handles. In terms of operations strategy, the perspective that would best fit is the process perspective. In the process perspective, business units decide to share or synergize their processes and hence generate savings or gain other benefits. Usually, it may be possible to find companies sharing functions such as distribution, research, manufacturing and purchasing. Therefore, amalgamating these processes does lead to substantial gains by the economies of scale. Furthermore, a business unit with a core competency can share that capability with another business unit and thus lead to value addition. For example, in technology drive organizations, a core competency such as the use of optics in Canon Incorporated caused it to benefit from the same optics in its other products. This type of perspective deals directly with operational structures because business processes are what constitute operational structures (Slack et. al, 2007).Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Four perspectives Kaplan and Norton (2006) beleive that the sources of value creation through the scorecard occur at these levels: customer level, growth and learning level, process level and financial level. In the customer’s perspective, the authors affirm that when firms align their various business units then this is likely to lead to better results because of an ability to deliver the same value in various outlets (if the organization is a franchise). Alternatively, customer perspectives sometimes arise out of the sharing of certain relationships common to various units. This implies that services will be delivered conveniently and the products will be better created. Customers can also get more comprehensive services in one organization compared to what they would normally get from specialist providers. The other perspective that can alter corporate strategy is the process perspective. As explained earlier, this aspect comes about when business units arise and then synergize certain processes that are common to them. It leads to cost savings and efficiency. Learning and growth is also another perspective that can arise out of the synchronization of knowledge management as well as human capital development. This creates an enterprise wide advantage because today’s business environment is characterized by a need to develop intangible assets. Those who do not take the time to do so may not be in a position to increase their value and hence beat their competitors. Organizations can d o this in various ways. For example, if a firm happens to be a multinational then it can take advantage of its wide employee pool in order to fill its management positions. A case in point is General Electric which accords its various workers opportunities for promotions from different geographical units and this has created a vast number of experienced management. Alternatively, companies may choose to develop their employees through training opportunities in different product units. Knowledge management can also be done through the sharing of knowledge management ideas between various business units.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on How to Best Align Operational Structures with Strategy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Lastly, the financial perspective is mostly achieved through the efficient use of business resources such that most wastage is eliminated during production, purchase or distribution. Convers ely, organizations can also get opportunities to work on their corporate governance through the balanced scorecard and this will ensure effective use of company materials or finances without those losses that arise out of unethical use. Certain business units may also have a lot of commonalities and can be easily synchronized. Therefore effectively integrating those units can lead to a lot of cost savings. Furthermore, some business units may have better relationships with certain external parties compared to others. Bringing these levels together could cause disadvantaged sectors to benefit from those sectors that already have established themselves (Kaplan and Norton, 2006). Conclusion The article endorses the use of the balanced scorecard as a method for aligning structure and organizational strategy. Through the four perspectives, one can see how the balanced scorecard does lead to value creation. References Slack, N. Chambers, S. and Johnston, R. (2007). Operations Management 6 th Edition. NY: Prentice Hall Kaplan, R. and Norton, D. (2006). How to implement a new strategy without disrupting your organization. Harvard Business Review 84(3), 100-109 This assessment on How to Best Align Operational Structures with Strategy was written and submitted by user Rayden G. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Street Car Named Desire essays

Street Car Named Desire essays Tennessee Williams gives insight into three ordinary lives in his play, A Streetcar Named Desire which is set in the mid-1930s in New Orleans. The main characters in the play are Blanche, Stanley, and Stella. All three of these characters suffer from personalities that differentiate each of them to great extremes. Because of these dramatic contrarieties in attitudes, there are mounting conflicts between the characters throughout the play. The principal conflict lies between Blanche and Stanley, due to their conflicting ideals of happiness and the way things ought to be. Williams begins by introducing us to the happy couple, Stanley and Stella Kowalski. The two live in a run-down part of New Orleans, but are content in their surroundings and their lifestyle. Stanley Kowalski is a Polish Immigrant who strongly believes in the role of a man in his own household. One may perceive him as being unrefined and rude, due to his blunt nature, but to himself and Stella, it is just his practical attitude towards life. Evident, through his interaction and dialogue with Stella and other characters, is his need to prove his masculinity by being dominant and imposing. In contrast, Stella is overly mild-tempered and always striving to please. Generally, she is able to adapt to all situations. This ability to adapt proves to be useful, as both her husband and her sister, Blanche, have such strong personalities. From the beginning, it is apparent that Stella often plays the peacemaker. She was able to foresee that Stanley and her visiting sister would clash. In hopes of avoiding any confrontation, she warned them both to be on their best behaviour. Stella is soft-spoken, speaking only when it is needed, and expressing her grief only when it overwhelms her, whereas Blanche is the opposite: an outspoken woman, with many opinions. Superficial is the first impression that Blanche gives when she enters the play. Consumed by appe...

Is there a Messianic Secret in Mark Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Is there a Messianic Secret in Mark - Essay Example This miracle is when Jesus heals the twelve year old girl. Everyone thought that this girl was dead, but she arose for Jesus. This miracle could not have been staged because Jesus did not know the man that beseeched him. Jairus was a ruler of a local synagogue.1 This example and other examples show Jesus’ willingness to help people, but his reluctance to have publicised his actions R. Alan Cole suggests Mark wrote of the miracles to show Jesus’ compassion and his authority, but Mark did not give a clear theological reason like the other gospels.2 These miracles could be proof that Jesus was the Messiah. Mark was not secretive about the miracles, but very forthcoming. In the first chapter of Mark, Jesus rebukes a demon and silences him. The silencing of the demons shows that there was information that Jesus did not want his followers to know.3 These actions can be attributed to Jesus, if Mark related the story correctly. Jesus did not want whatever the demon had to say spoken. The power over this demon can prove that Jesus was Messiah. It could be said that the demon was going to expose Jesus, so Jesus shut him up. Another possibility is the demon did say something damning, so Mark related fiction. The latter is doubtful, because if Mark wanted to shroud this incident in secrecy he could have omitted the whole passage. Throughout the gospels, not only Mark, Jesus constantly commands the disciples to remain quiet about his miracles and teachings. Some scholars believe this reason for Jesus’ command to remain silence was because Jesus was the Messiah.4 This theory follows that there was a Messianic Secret, but was it Jesus’ or Mark’s? Why would Jesus not want followers to know he was the Messiah? One preacher explained it this way, by commanding his disciples to stay silent, Jesus was saving the glory and praise for God the Father. Unlike other false prophets who say â€Å"look at me†, Jesus wanted people to worship

Industrial Relation in Australia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Industrial Relation in Australia - Essay Example To understand the transformation, it is useful to briefly dismiss two common explanations for union decline. The first is that unions declined because workers' became more skeptical about them. In fact, attitudes tend to be a mirror image of union strength. When union membership swelled during the 1970s, Australians became more likely to tell pollsters that they thought unions had "too much power", and less likely to agree that unions had been "a good thing for Australia". Correspondingly, as unions waned during the 1990s, the fraction of people who thought that unions had "too much power" or that "Australian would be better off without unions" steadily decreased. Another argument that is sometimes made is that deunionisation was a result of the decline in real wages that took place under the Accord. Yet as David Peetz points out in his book Unions in a Contrary World, this explanation implies that unionization should have declined more during the 1980s (when real wages fell) than th e 1990s (when real wages rose). In fact, the reverse is true - the biggest fall in unionization occurred during the 1990s. The most significant factor in Australian deunionisation has been changes to the legal regime governing unions. Peetz points out that between 1990 and 1995, conservative governments in five out of six states introduced legislation aimed at prohibiting compulsory unionization (banning "closed shops"), encouraging individual bargaining, and making the transition to non-award coverage easier. In the late-1980s, more than half of all union members were required to be a union member as a condition of their employment. In the 1990s, freed from the requirement to belong, large numbers chose to opt out. Unsurprisingly, the unions hit hardest were the ones that were most reliant on compulsory unionism laws. The new regime was locked in place in 1996, when the newly-elected Howard Government virtually abolished compulsory unionism nationwide, and made it more difficult for unions to recruit and strike. The next most important driver of deunionisation has been raising competition. Spurred by microeconomic reforms, tariff cuts, and a revitalized Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, the markets for buying most products and services are now substantially more competitive than they were in the 1970s. When firms enjoy a monopoly or oligopoly position, it is easier for them to pay higher wages to their employees. Prices are higher in non-competitive markets, and in the jargon of economics, this generates "rents". These rents are then shared between employers (who enjoy higher profits than they would in a competitive market) and workers (who earn more than in a competitive market). When monopolies are broken down, and markets become more competitive, management has to start cutting costs. This places pressure on management to adopt stronger anti-union tactics in order to reduce the wage bill. The third explanation for falling union density is the growth in

Components Of The Global Tourism Industry Tourism Essay

Components Of The Global Tourism Industry Tourism Essay Tourism What is tourism? This word seems to be very familiar with us now a days. Yes, you are right. The very nature of tourism as a fragmented, diverse product , spread over many industries and comprising both intangible and tangible elements, means that it is a difficult sector to define. ( source: Tourism Principles and Practice, Fourth edition, Chris Cooper, John Fletcher, Alan Fyall, David Gilbert and Stephen Wanhill) As part of our aim of seeking to uncover ever deeper understandings of tourism and the relationships and entanglements it shares with the cultures it both occupies and generates it is important that we continue to explore various contextual geographical realities and imaginaries. Whatever imprecisions may surround the definition of the Middle East and North African region, it is a fascinating and important area to interrogate tourism and cultural change. It is a region long travelled which bears many markers of ancient tourism and hospitality. So, too, particularly in the Gulf States, does it display the drama and spectacle of what may call hyper-modernity. It is a vast region sharing commonalities of history, culture, language and religion which mark it as highly distinctive and yet intimately connected to the wider world in more nuanced and sometimes contested ways. ( source: Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change Vol. 8, No.4, December 2010, 223-224.) Since historical times, tourism activity is a relatively new development and only recently has been considered worthy of serious business endeavour or academic study. However the tourism sector is of sufficient economic importance and its impact upon economies, environments and societies is significant enough for the subject of tourism to deserve academic consideration. There is no doubt in our minds that tourism is a subject area or domain of study but that at the moment it lacks the level of theoretical underpinning that would allow it to become a discipline. Nevertheless, the popularity of tourism and the recognition of it by the governments, has accelerated tourism to expand on a vast level. Tourism shows signs of maturity with a growing academic community, increasing numbers of both journals and text books which are becoming specialised rather than all- embracing and a number of professional societies both internationally and within individual countries. ( source: Tourism Princi ples and Practice, Fourth edition, Chris Cooper, John Fletcher, Alan Fyall, David Gilbert and Stephen Wanhill) Various forms of tourism have evolved to cater to the desires and demands, healthy and unhealthy, that define the many niches that exist among consumers. The different types of tourism may include the following: back pack tourism, sex tourism, cruise tourism, trek tourism, heritage tourism, slum tourism, refugee tourism, spiritual tourism, gourmet tourism, medical tourism, green tourism, etc. Over the last 25 years, we have been assailed by a growing tourism lexicon that includes terms such as eco tourism, sustainable tourism, pro- poor tourism etc. Often they begin with a sound basis, and good intentions, and often, soon enough, are debased as the tourism industry subsumes them for their own advertising and promotion without genuinely altering the face of their offerings in the light of what was originally meant. ( source: by: DMello, Ceasar. Contours, Jan2008 Anniversary Book, Vol. 17/18 Issue 4/1, p8- 16, 9p). Along with the transport and the accommodation sector, attractions form one of the central components of tourism providing a vital element in the visitors enjoyment and experience. Attractions are central element in terms of what tourists visit at destinations as well as being something they may visit en route a destination. In many respects, they are the lifeblood of a destination ,because they are a part of appeal , ambience, and overall experience that visitors seek to consume in areas they visit. One of the major problems in identifying attractions is that they are patronized by tourists, but in terms of the scale and volume of visits, they are dominated by leisure and day trippers as well as local residents. In this respect the market for attractions is large and forms a vital part of the infrastructure of the destination area. ( source: Tourism Management, managing for change, Third Edition, Stephen J.Page). Attractions provide a vital nucleus for visitor spending in destinations, and when they are linked to regeneration strategies, they can be harnessed to create a new image and help reposition the city as a place to visit. A successful attraction industry is vital for a healthy tourism sector so that visitors have sufficient opportunity to undertake visits and to spend during their stay. Attractions are also a major draw for many visitors , and urban regeneration strategies by public and private sector agencies have pinned future tourism development around such hubs of visitor attraction activity. In many successful urban regeneration schemes where tourism has been a key component, visitor attractions and the creation of a visitor environment around these attractions has contributed to the success of the regeneration scheme. Yet, one of the main problems in examining visitor attractions is in defining what comprises an attraction. ( source: Tourism Management, managing for change, Thir d Edition, Stephen J.Page). For many tourist destinations around the world, it is their attractions that often serve as the catalyst for tourist visits. Attractions are numerous, diverse, fragmented geographically and often have limited resources at their disposal for purposes of management. Attractions provide the single most important reason for leisure tourism to a destination. Many of the components of the tourist trip for example, transport and accommodation are demands derived from the consumers desire to enjoy what a destination has to offer in terms of things to see and do. Thus a tourist attraction is a focus for recreational and, in part, educational activity undertaken by both day and stay visitors that is frequently shared with the domestic resident population. Every region and every town boasts of at least one attraction, adding to its appeal as a destination. Attractions often have an explicit educational purpose, are often central to the protection , or in fact creation, of cultural identities, and can contribute to the conservation and protection of many historic sites. This variety of sense of purpose is important in that it helps explain why attractions are often so difficult to manage, especially those that fall within the domain of the public secto r, such as museums. They often have to accommodate the numerous wishes of their stakeholders , the various expectations of different visitor groups , meet the needs of owners or trustees, and serve on occasion as attraction icons for national governments in international marketing strategies. There are many examples where attractions have played a catalytic role in the regeneration of an area or destination . The success of the Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao, Spain and the National Museum of New Zealand and its contribution to the development of Wellington as a destination are two examples of best practice. Such ionic or flagship attractions can be used to pull in visitors, meet needs of local residents, and develop stronger tourism activities within the destination. While a destination rarely survives long term on the basis of one attraction, it can be the key to pump-primer in more sustainable development of a destination. The fact that tourist attractions may be shared with the host community can give rise to conflict in popular destinations, where tourism is perceived to cause problems of crowding, traffic congestion, environmental damage and litter. There can thus be little doubt that the management of tourist attractions is a challenging activity with so many publics to please.

Analysis of Characters in There Are No Children Here :: There are No Children Here Essays

There Are No Children Here - Analysis of Characters Pharoah: Pharoah is the younger brother to Lafeyette, LaShawn, and Terence. He is an intelligent person. His mother LaJoe wants Pharaoh to do well in life. She thinks that he has the motivation to do whatever he would like to do. Pharoah has a lisp that makes him work harder in becoming a better person throughout the novel. "Pharoah was different, not only from Lafeyette but from the other children, too. He didn't have many friends, except for Porkchop, who was always by his side... Pharoah got so lost in his daydreams that LaJoe had to shake him to bring him back from his flights of fancy. Those forays into distant lands and with other people seemed to help Pharoah fend off the ugliness around him" (15). Pharoah was changed throughout the novel, overcoming his lisp and becoming confident in himself that he could one day escape the Horner homes. Lafeyette: Lafeyette is a teenager whose experiences in the Horner homes teaches him how the way of life works. Lafeyette is one of LaJoe's children who starts out as a promising child but changes throughout the novel trying new ideas that he was not familiar with. Lafeyette is a thin person. He is a "stick" to some people. Lafeyette experiences conflicts which affects his life. His 'mentor' Craig Davis. Craig's death affected him so much that Lafeyette's attitude became so different than what LaJoe was so used to. Lafeyette would hang around with his friend Rickey who was affiliated with the up and coming Four Corners: a young group of trouble-makers looking to start a new gang. Lafeyette didn't like hanging around with Rickey's friends. During the final chapters of the novel, Lafeyette is accused of stealing car parts from a pick up truck. He would be charged and sentenced for one year of probation. Lafeyette becomes what LaJoe dreaded: Lafeyette turning out to be his older brother Terence. LaJoe: Lajoe is the mother of Lafeyette, Pharoah and to 5 other children. LaJoe has lived in the Horner home for most of her life. She moved to the Horner homes when she was 4 years old. Back in the early days she thought Horner was 'amazing' considering the changes it has gone through over the years. "But to LaJoe and her brothers and sisters, it all looked dazzling. Analysis of Characters in There Are No Children Here :: There are No Children Here Essays There Are No Children Here - Analysis of Characters Pharoah: Pharoah is the younger brother to Lafeyette, LaShawn, and Terence. He is an intelligent person. His mother LaJoe wants Pharaoh to do well in life. She thinks that he has the motivation to do whatever he would like to do. Pharoah has a lisp that makes him work harder in becoming a better person throughout the novel. "Pharoah was different, not only from Lafeyette but from the other children, too. He didn't have many friends, except for Porkchop, who was always by his side... Pharoah got so lost in his daydreams that LaJoe had to shake him to bring him back from his flights of fancy. Those forays into distant lands and with other people seemed to help Pharoah fend off the ugliness around him" (15). Pharoah was changed throughout the novel, overcoming his lisp and becoming confident in himself that he could one day escape the Horner homes. Lafeyette: Lafeyette is a teenager whose experiences in the Horner homes teaches him how the way of life works. Lafeyette is one of LaJoe's children who starts out as a promising child but changes throughout the novel trying new ideas that he was not familiar with. Lafeyette is a thin person. He is a "stick" to some people. Lafeyette experiences conflicts which affects his life. His 'mentor' Craig Davis. Craig's death affected him so much that Lafeyette's attitude became so different than what LaJoe was so used to. Lafeyette would hang around with his friend Rickey who was affiliated with the up and coming Four Corners: a young group of trouble-makers looking to start a new gang. Lafeyette didn't like hanging around with Rickey's friends. During the final chapters of the novel, Lafeyette is accused of stealing car parts from a pick up truck. He would be charged and sentenced for one year of probation. Lafeyette becomes what LaJoe dreaded: Lafeyette turning out to be his older brother Terence. LaJoe: Lajoe is the mother of Lafeyette, Pharoah and to 5 other children. LaJoe has lived in the Horner home for most of her life. She moved to the Horner homes when she was 4 years old. Back in the early days she thought Horner was 'amazing' considering the changes it has gone through over the years. "But to LaJoe and her brothers and sisters, it all looked dazzling.

Business Aims and Objectives Essay

Knowing that you are taking a qualification at Bloomsbury Regional Technical College, you have been approached by several friends who would like you to help with the setting up of their businesses. You enjoy business because the subject constantly changes and you can see the relevance of all that you are learning. You can also apply what you are learning to different situations. a. Alice is thinking of setting up a small restaurant in a village two miles from the town centre. The setting is attractive. Her restaurant will only cater for a maximum of 36 customers, for whom she wants to serve gourmet food. b. Perminder wants to create a small charity that locally supports children with cerebral palsy. She represents a network of 30 parents who experience the illness and she wants to make sure that the charity can provide them with many of the resources and experiences they require in order to make their lives more comfortable. 1. You meet both Alice and Perminder for a cup of tea. Explain why organisations need aims and objectives. (P1) Every organisation needs to set aims and objectives to be able to run the business more easily and effectively. Objectives are more like goals, it’s more realistic than aims. Objectives are far more sensible and achievable. Aims are what an organisation wants to achieve. These are long-term plans, probably over next 3 to 5 years. This allows the business to move forward. Objectives set out how the organisation will meet their aims. 2. Describe to Alice and Perminder how they could use their aims and objectives. As you do so, explain the purpose of setting SMART objectives. (P2) An obvious objective for Alice and Perminder is to achieve goals. Precise, measurable targets will help you do this. You will have to concentrate on doing your best as you achieve one goal at a time. You should set these goals using SMART objectives. * Specific- You needs a clear  statement about what will do. Usually, it is quantified, which means it has a number in it. * Measurable – achievement can be checked. Recording your progress and keeping a record of your completed assessments will enable you to measure your achievements * Achievable – you can attain your target if you work hard. You can do really well if you stretch yourself * Realistic- your target should be sensible so that you stand a chance of achieving it. * Time-constrained – every objective should include a date for achievement or review/ these acts as a warning, as well as a spur if you are falling behind. You either achieve a SMART objective or need a good reason for not doing so. These types of objective are important for managers and employees in a business to measure success in achieving business aims. 3. Produce a mission statement for Alice for her business as well as for Perminder’s charity, alongside a series of objectives. Many large organisations have a mission statement that briefly identifies the main purpose of the business and how it sees itself. Alice: Alice wants to open a small restaurant in a village two miles from the town centre. The setting is attractive. Her restaurant will only cater for a maximum of 36 customers, for whom she wants to serve gourmet food. This is known as a privately owned business and will focus on customers, employees. The cost of their products or how they give values for money. Sainsbury’s mission statement is: â€Å"Our mission is to be the consumer’s first choice for food, delivering products of outstanding quality and great service at a competitive cost through working ‘faster, simpler and together.† Alice’s Mission Statement: ‘We take pride in working together to providing the best quality food for our customers of outstanding value to delight our customers’. Objectives for Alice: To provide good services and must make a profit to survive, to make sure that you only break even or make a loss for a very short time or the business can fail. Perminder: Perminder wants to create a small charity that locally supports children with cerebral palsy. She represents a network of 30 parents who experience the illness and she wants to make sure that the charity can provide them with many of the resources and experiences they require in order to make their lives more comfortable. This is known as Not- For-Profit and voluntary organisations and focus on the services they provide, the causes they support their aims in helping those in need. For example the mission of the Oxfam International is an ‘international group of independent non-governmental organizations dedicated to fighting poverty and related injustice around the world’. ‘ Perminder’s Mission Statement: ‘Our mission is to support children with cerebral palsy. So that is no longer causing a disability and premature death to children. Objectives for Perminder: To raise money that is used to support children. To aim to make surplus, after the cost of the business have been deducted, and reinvest this into the business and the services it offers.

Authors writing about God Essay - 1006 Words

nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;All of the authors we have conversed about in class and studied about at home are connected in at least one way, if not many more. For example, Anne Bradstreet, Jonathan Edwards, Michael Wigglesworth and John Winthrop all write about God and the way we should all act and the simple fact that we all need to be Christians and so must the Indians who occupy their lives. Where as these authors are writers of the Heavenly Father, the authors that I wish to write about, though they do speak a little about God, I am writing on their influence on the Indian culture as well as the impact the Indians have made in Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca’s, Mary Rowlandson’s and Samson Occom’s lives.†¦show more content†¦Cabeza de Vaca writes, â€Å"After this we had a hot argument with them (the Christians), for they meant to make slaves of the Indians in our train.† (Pg 69) He believes the Indians are human too and are able to live the life they are ‘supposed’ to live. Although he could not get the ones he lived with to believe it; he says, â€Å"To the last I could not convince the Indians that we were of the same people as the Christian slavers.† (Pg69), he told his king and the world, and I trust we understand. I reflect that Cabeza de Vaca thought the Indians would not be converted, to any of the English ways; nor did he consider they would be annihilated. I imagine he thought they would just live their lives as they know how. Obediently. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; Mary Rowlandson has a very different view about the Indians, I suppose, because she has an extremely diverse attitude while writing about them. Rowlandson, at first, thought of the Indians as barbarians, and I expect she still thought that way after her return to her husband, but she became a part of them, without wanting to be willing to, but having to, mainly to stay alive. I feel she knows she is part of the Indians way of living, but she cannot bring herself to say they are not barbarians, although she realizes she is becoming just like them with the eating of their foods and learning their language. â€Å"It was upon aShow MoreRelatedAnne Bradstreet and Ralph Waldo Emerson600 Words   |  3 Pages Anne Bradstreet and Ralph Waldo Emerson The first biography of an author is Anne Bradstreet. Anne Bradstreet appears in the Puritan timeline in early 17th century. She was born and raise by the Dudley family in the Northampton, England. During her lifetime event, her writing style is very basic with very detail information and unmaintained of the life natural. Also she used the advance vocab to apply into the book for average people to make sense in her own bookRead MoreHistorical Settings Of Apocalyptic Texts1745 Words   |  7 Pagesand traditions. 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